Swedish food system transformations: Rethinking biogas transport logistics to adapt to localized agriculture

Ensuring future food and energy security will require large changes in consumption production patterns, including enhanced animal human excreta recycling. Although these shifts are considered many scenario studies, their implications on the logistical requirements for effective recycling rarely analysed. Here we translated two existing stakeholder co-designed system scenarios Sweden to 5 × km resolution maps of animals, crops, humans. We used optimization modelling identify biogas plant locations minimize transport costs maximize nutrient reuse. then compared scenarios, full under current landscape configuration, through Life Cycle Assessment. The reduction meat imported both by definition, led less nutrients available manure back cropland, material digestion. Less meant lower national benefits, example 50% greenhouse gas emissions savings most divergent scenario. However a per basis benefits were more important: remained net financial benefit even if increase. fewer necessary (184 228 alternative futures, vs 236 conditions) process excreta, regional clustering did not change substantially across scenarios. Regions such as Skåne Västra Götaland consistently required Focusing early construction investments regions would be resilient array futures. Our spatially-explicit open access can explore logistics planning, impact configuration other sustainability priority areas.